The politics of masculinity at the end of the Roman republic | Aeon Essays
This piece argues that Roman masculinity was never a fixed, unproblematic ideal but a contested performance, using Cicero as its case study: his oratory, his exile and his daughter's death, and his late philosophical turn all show a man repeatedly redefining what counted as manly. Its central point is that the modern nostalgia for a Golden Age of shared manhood misreads the ancient world, where virtus, self-control and public speech were as anxiously policed as they are today. The distinctive thread is Cicero's own framing of grief and political loss as emasculating, and his claim that bearing those feelings bravely was itself the truest form of manliness.